Prepositions - Use of By - English Grammar

Use of By 

Rules

(1) Passive voice में कर्ता (Doer) के साथ 'के द्वारा' के अर्थ में 

     A mango is eaten by me. 

     Ravana was killed by Ram. 

     My house is sold by my father.

     Flowers are plucked by gardener.  

(2) घड़ी (Watch) से समय बताने के लिए 

     It is ten by my watch. 

     मेरी घड़ी में दस बजे हैं | 

(3) By का प्रयोग 'निर्दिष्ट समय से पहले' के लिए तक के अर्थ में 

     By four O' clock

     चार बजे तक 

     By seven O' Clock

     सात बजे तक 

     By 9 a.m

     सुबह नौ बजे तक 

     By mid-night 

     आधी-रात तक 

     He will complete his work by morning. 

(4) (Mean of transport) यातायात के साधनों के नाम से पहले 'से/के द्वारा' के अर्थ में:

     By bus, by car, by cycle, by taxi, by train, by aeroplane, by metro, by ship, by scooter, by helicopter etc. 

     My mother goes to office by car. 

     She came here by train.  

(5) Action को प्रकट करने के लिए जैसे - 

     He caught me by hand. 

     He caught me by neck. 

(6) माप-तौल के इकाई (Unit of Measurements) को बताने के लिए : 

     By metre, By feet, by kilo, by gram, 

     Clothes are sold by metre. 

(7) कार्य के तरीके (Method of action) को बताने के लिए : 

     By installmen, by order, by cheque, by bankdraft, by hand, by post, by mail, by email, by call, by money, by cash, by messenger, by self. 

(8) प्राप्त परिणाम/सफलता के तरीके को बताने के लिए | 

     by help of parent, by help of book, by net, by google, by hard work, by support

(9) यातायात के मार्ग को बताने के लिए :

     By air, by land, by sea, by road, by bridge, by underground, by rail

(10) कुछ मुहावरों के साथ by का प्रयोग होता है :

       By God, by chance, by heart, by force, by action, by mistake, by help etc. 

(11) किनारे या समीप के अर्थ में by का प्रयोग किया जाता है :

      He sat by her. 

      My brother lived by river.