Class 6 Social Science Solutions English Medium

NCERT Solutions Class 6 Social Science English Medium

Timeline and Sources of History

Topic: Sources of History

Chapter 4. Timeline and Sources of History

17. Sources of History

Sources of history are the different places, objects, texts and other forms of evidence from which we gather information about the past. Historians use these sources to reconstruct and interpret historical events.

• Every object or structure can tell us something about the past.
• Historical sources are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• Different sources provide different kinds of information.
• Historians collect information from as many sources as possible.
• Sometimes different sources confirm one another.
• Sometimes sources may provide contradictory information.
• When sources disagree, historians have to decide which source is more trustworthy.
• Historical knowledge is reconstructed by comparing and interpreting different sources.

18. Main Types of Sources of History

The chapter identifies several major sources through which historians reconstruct the past.

• Archaeological Sources
• Literary Sources
• Artistic Sources
• Oral Sources
• Foreign Accounts
• Inscriptions

19. Archaeological Sources

Archaeological sources are physical remains and objects left behind by people and communities in the past.

• Structures
• Mounds
• Human, animal and plant remains
• Tools and weapons
• Figurines and ornaments
• Monuments
• Coins
• Pottery and toys
• Habitations
• Burials
• Copper plates

Archaeologists study such remains to understand the life, technology, economy and activities of earlier communities. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

20. Excavations

Excavation is the process of carefully digging and studying remains buried under the ground.

• Excavations can reveal objects and structures belonging to past communities.
• They may reveal tools, pottery, ornaments and other objects.
• Human, animal and plant remains can also be discovered.
• Excavations help archaeologists reconstruct the past.

21. Literary Sources

Literary sources are written materials that provide information about past societies, ideas, events and traditions.

• Manuscripts
• Vedas and Itihasas
• Scientific and technological texts
• Poems and plays
• Historical texts
• Collections of stories
• Historical chronicles

Literary sources help historians understand the ideas, knowledge, traditions and experiences of people in different periods. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

22. Artistic Sources

Artistic sources provide historical information through visual and artistic creations.

• Paintings
• Sculptures
• Panels

Artistic remains can provide information about people, animals, activities, beliefs and aspects of life in the past. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

23. Oral Sources

Oral sources are information about the past preserved and transmitted through spoken traditions.

• Folklore can preserve memories and traditions.
• Stories may be passed from one generation to another.
• Genealogical traditions can preserve information about families and communities.
• Oral traditions can provide information where written records may be limited.

Oral sources are therefore another important way of learning about the past. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

24. Foreign Accounts

Foreign accounts are descriptions written by travellers or visitors from other regions about the places and societies they observed.

• Travelogues are an important example of foreign accounts.
• Foreign accounts may describe people, places, customs and activities.
• They provide an outside perspective on historical societies.
• Historians compare such accounts with other sources before drawing conclusions.

25. Inscriptions

Inscriptions are writings recorded on durable materials and preserved from the past.

• Copper plates are examples of inscriptional sources shown in the chapter.
• Inscriptions can preserve information for long periods.
• Epigraphists study ancient inscriptions.
• Inscriptions can be compared with other sources to reconstruct historical events.

Epigraphist

An epigraphist is a person who studies ancient inscriptions. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

26. Who Contributes to Historical Sources?

The reconstruction of history is not done by historians alone. Many specialists contribute to understanding the past.

• Historians study and write about the past.
• Archaeologists study material remains.
• Epigraphists study ancient inscriptions.
• Anthropologists study human societies and cultures.
• Experts in literature help interpret written sources.
• Language experts help understand ancient languages and texts.
• Scientists contribute new methods and evidence for studying the past.

27. Scientific Sources and Methods

Scientific studies have increasingly contributed to the reconstruction of the past.

• Studies of ancient climates provide information about past environmental conditions.
• Chemical studies of excavated materials provide additional information about objects and remains.
• Studies of the genetics of ancient people provide fresh insights into human history.
• Scientific evidence supplements traditional historical sources.

Thus, history can be studied using both traditional evidence and modern scientific methods. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

28. Sources for Recent History

Different sources become useful when historians study more recent periods.

• Newspapers are important sources for studying recent history.
• Newspapers can provide information about events, people and developments of recent centuries.
• Electronic media can also be consulted for the history of the last few decades.
• Television is an example of electronic media.
• The internet is another source for studying recent events.

The chapter notes that recent history usually refers to the last two or three centuries, while electronic media becomes particularly useful for the last few decades. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

29. Historian as a Researcher

A historian studies evidence carefully and uses different sources to reconstruct the past.

• A historian gathers information from many sources.
• A historian compares different pieces of evidence.
• A historian checks whether sources support or contradict one another.
• A historian evaluates which sources are more trustworthy.
• A historian uses the available evidence to reconstruct the history of a period.

Historian: A person who studies and writes about the past. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

30. Genetics and History

Genetics is another scientific field that can provide information about the human past.

Genetics: The branch of biology that studies how certain features and characteristics are passed from one generation to the next.

• Genetic studies can provide information about ancient people.
• Studies of ancient genetics can provide fresh insights into the past.
• Genetic evidence can supplement other historical sources. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

31. The Beginnings of Human History

Modern humans, Homo sapiens, have existed for about 300,000 years. Although this appears to be a very long period, it represents only a small fraction of the Earth's history. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

• Modern humans are known as Homo sapiens.
• Homo sapiens have lived on Earth for about 300,000 years.
• Early human history forms only a small part of the Earth's very long history.

32. Life of Early Humans

Early humans faced many challenges from nature and developed ways of living together to survive.

• Early humans lived in bands or groups.
• Living in groups helped them support and protect one another.
• They constantly searched for shelter and food.
• They were mainly hunters and gatherers.
• They hunted animals for food.
• They collected edible plants and fruits.
• They had beliefs related to natural elements.
• They may also have had some notion of an afterlife.

Afterlife: A life that begins after death. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

33. Early Human Settlements

Early human groups lived in temporary settlements and used natural shelters.

• They lived in temporary camps.
• They lived in rock shelters.
• They also lived in caves.
• They communicated using languages that are now lost.
• These settlements provided protection from natural conditions.

34. Fire and Tools

Early humans used fire and developed tools that made their lives easier.

• Fire was an important part of early human life.
• They improved their stone tools over time.
• Stone axes were used as tools.
• Blades were developed for different purposes.
• Arrowheads were also made.
• Tools helped early humans in their daily activities and survival.

The chapter specifically mentions improved stone axes, blades, arrowheads and other tools. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

35. Rock Paintings

Rock paintings provide important evidence about the lives and activities of early humans.

• Rock paintings have been found in hundreds of caves around the world.
• Some paintings contain simple human figures.
• Some contain symbols.
• Others show detailed scenes.
• Animals and humans are represented in many paintings.
• Rock paintings help us understand aspects of early human life.

36. Ornaments of Early Humans

Early humans also developed simple forms of personal ornaments.

• They made beads from stone or shells.
• They made pendants from animal teeth.
• Some ornaments may have been exchanged with other groups.
• These objects provide evidence about the skills and social interactions of early humans.

:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}

37. Ice Age

The Earth's climate has changed many times over long periods. During some periods, the Earth became extremely cold and large areas were covered with ice. Such a period is called an Ice Age.

• An Ice Age is a period of very cold climatic conditions.
• Large parts of the Earth were covered with ice during an Ice Age.
• When the climate later became warmer, some of the ice melted.
• The resulting water increased the flow of existing rivers.
• The last Ice Age lasted from over 100,000 years ago to around 12,000 years ago.

:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}

38. Beginning of Agriculture

After the last Ice Age, living conditions improved for humans in many parts of the world. People gradually began settling down and cultivating crops.

• People began settling down instead of constantly moving from place to place.
• They started cultivating cereals and grains.
• Agriculture provided a more regular source of food.
• Growing communities became larger as food availability increased.

39. Domestication of Animals

Along with agriculture, people began domesticating animals.

• Cattle were among the animals domesticated by early communities.
• Goats were also domesticated.
• Domesticated animals became part of settled human life.
• Animal domestication contributed to the growth of agricultural communities.

40. Settlements Near Rivers

Many early agricultural communities settled near rivers.

• Rivers provided a reliable source of water.
• The soil near rivers was often more fertile.
• Fertile soil made growing crops easier.
• Availability of water and fertile land supported the growth of settlements.
• As food became more available, communities grew in size and number.

:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}

41. Growth of Villages and Communities

As communities grew, their social organisation became increasingly complex.

• Leaders or chieftains became responsible for the well-being of the people.
• People collectively worked towards the welfare of the community.
• In some communities, there was no sense of individual ownership.
• Land was collectively sown and harvested.

Welfare: Health, prosperity and well-being.

42. From Hamlets to Villages and Towns

Over time, small settlements developed into larger villages and some villages eventually grew into small towns.

• Hamlets were small settlements.
• Hamlets gradually grew into sizeable villages.
• Villages exchanged goods with one another.
• Commonly exchanged goods included food, clothing and tools.
• Networks of communication and exchange developed between villages.
• Some villages eventually developed into small towns.

Hamlet: A small settlement or small village. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}

43. Development of New Technologies

Growing communities developed new technologies that improved daily life.

• Pottery was developed for making pots and other clay objects.
• Metal was later used to make stronger and more durable objects.
• Copper was used before iron.
• Iron was used later in the development of metal technology.
• Metal helped people make durable tools.
• Metal was also used for objects of daily use.
• Metal was used for making ornaments.

44. From Villages to Civilisation

The growth of settlements, trade, technology and social organisation gradually prepared the way for the emergence of civilisation.

• Communities became larger and more socially complex.
• Villages developed communication and exchange networks.
• Some villages developed into towns.
• Pottery and metal technology developed.
• Social organisation became more complex.
• These developments prepared the way for the emergence of civilisation.

The chapter states that the next chapter will explore the stage at which civilisation emerged. :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}

45. Early Human Progress and Challenges

The development of human societies was not easy. Early humanity faced many challenges and depended on courage and persistence for survival.

• Early humans faced many challenges from nature.
• Human communities had to adapt to changing conditions.
• Some earlier human species disappeared.
• The survival of modern humans was connected with their ability to face challenges.
• The courage and persistence of early humans contributed to the continuation of humanity.

:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}

46. Important Differences

Archaeological Sources	Literary Sources
Physical remains and objects from the past.	Written materials from the past.
Examples: tools, weapons, pottery, coins, monuments.	Examples: manuscripts, poems, plays, historical texts.

Hunters and Gatherers	Early Agricultural Communities
Depended mainly on hunting and collecting edible plants and fruits.	Cultivated cereals and grains.
Often lived in temporary camps, caves and rock shelters.	Settled in permanent or more stable communities.
Moved in search of food and shelter.	Often settled near rivers and fertile land.

47. Chapter at a Glance

• ✔ History is reconstructed from many different sources.
• ✔ Sources of history are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• ✔ Historians compare sources and judge their reliability.
• ✔ Archaeological sources include objects, structures and remains.
• ✔ Literary sources include manuscripts, poems, plays and historical texts.
• ✔ Artistic sources include paintings, sculptures and panels.
• ✔ Oral sources preserve traditions and memories.
• ✔ Foreign accounts include travelogues and other descriptions by visitors.
• ✔ Inscriptions provide written evidence from the past.
• ✔ Scientific studies of climate, materials and genetics add new information.
• ✔ Modern humans are Homo sapiens.
• ✔ Homo sapiens have existed for about 300,000 years.
• ✔ Early humans lived in groups and were mainly hunters and gatherers.
• ✔ They used fire and developed stone tools.
• ✔ Rock paintings provide evidence of early human activities.
• ✔ Early humans made simple ornaments.
• ✔ The last Ice Age ended around 12,000 years ago.
• ✔ Agriculture and animal domestication encouraged settled life.
• ✔ Early agricultural communities often settled near rivers.
• ✔ Hamlets developed into villages and some villages into towns.
• ✔ Pottery and metal technology developed over time.
• ✔ Copper was used before iron.
• ✔ Increasing social complexity and technological development prepared the way for civilisation.

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