Class 6 Social Science Solutions English Medium

NCERT Solutions Class 6 Social Science English Medium

Timeline and Sources of History

Topic: Chapter Review and Key Points

Chapter 4. Timeline and Sources of History

This chapter explains how we understand the human past through timelines and different sources of history, and gives a brief account of early humans and the development of human societies.

Chapter Review

Introduction

• History is the study of the human past.
• The past helps us understand the present world.
• The history of the Earth is extremely long, while human history occupies only a small part of it.
• Different experts study different aspects of the Earth's and human past.
• Geologists study the physical features of the Earth such as soil, stones, hills, mountains, rivers, seas and oceans.
• Palaeontologists study the remains of plants, animals and humans from the distant past in the form of fossils.
• Anthropologists study human societies and cultures from the oldest times to the present.
• Archaeologists study the past by examining remains left behind by people, plants and animals.
• Archaeologists may study tools, pots, beads, figurines, toys, bones, teeth, grains, houses and bricks.
• Different societies and cultures have developed their own ways of measuring time.
• Major events have often been used to mark the beginning of a new era.
• The Gregorian calendar is commonly used around the world today.
• Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese and other calendars are also used.
• The Gregorian calendar has 12 months and normally contains 365 days.
• A leap year normally occurs every four years.
• Century years are leap years only when they are divisible by 400.
• The year 2000 was a leap year, while 1800 and 1900 were not.
• The conventional date of the birth of Jesus was traditionally used as the starting point for the AD/CE calendar.
• AD is now commonly expressed as CE, meaning Common Era.
• BC is now commonly expressed as BCE, meaning Before Common Era.
• Years in the BCE period are counted backwards.
• There is no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE.
• When calculating the number of years between a BCE date and a CE date, the two dates are added and 1 is subtracted.
• A timeline is a useful tool for showing dates and historical events in sequence.
• A timeline helps us understand the order in which historical events occurred.
• A decade is a period of ten years.
• A century is a period of 100 years.
• A millennium is a period of 1,000 years.
• The 21st century CE runs from 2001 to 2100.
• The 3rd millennium CE began in 2001 and will continue up to 3000.
• Indian calendars have traditionally used the positions of the Sun and Moon to define months.
• A pañchānga contains information about days, months and astronomical events.
• Pañchāngas can predict events such as solar and lunar eclipses, sunrise and sunset.
• They may also contain weather predictions and festival dates.
• History is reconstructed using many different sources.
• A source of history is a place, person, text or object from which information about the past is gathered.
• Historical sources can be compared to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• Historians collect information from as many reliable sources as possible.
• Different sources may sometimes confirm each other.
• Sometimes different sources may provide contradictory information.
• Historians must decide which sources are more trustworthy.
• Historians, archaeologists, epigraphists and anthropologists contribute to the reconstruction of the past.
• Experts in literature and languages also help historians understand the past.
• Scientific studies increasingly contribute to the reconstruction of history.
• Studies of ancient climates can provide information about the past.
• Chemical studies of excavated materials can provide historical information.
• Genetic studies of ancient people can provide new insights into the past.
• Newspapers are important sources for studying recent history.
• Television and the internet can also provide sources for studying the recent past.
• Sources of history can be archaeological, literary, artistic, oral, foreign accounts or inscriptions.
• Archaeological sources include structures, excavations, pottery, toys, tools, weapons, coins, ornaments and remains.
• Literary sources include manuscripts, Vedas, Itihasas, poems, plays, historical texts, stories and chronicles.
• Foreign accounts include descriptions written by travellers and visitors from other regions.
• Oral sources include information passed down through spoken traditions and memories.
• Artistic sources include paintings, sculptures and panels.
• Inscriptions are writings recorded on durable materials such as stone or metal.
• Modern humans, Homo sapiens, have existed for about 300,000 years.
• Early humans faced many challenges from nature.
• Early humans generally lived in bands or groups.
• They helped one another to survive.
• Early humans were mainly hunters and gatherers.
• Hunters and gatherers depended on hunting animals and collecting edible plants and fruits.
• Early humans lived in temporary camps, rock shelters and caves.
• They communicated using languages that are now lost.
• Early humans used fire.
• They developed tools such as stone axes, blades and arrowheads.
• Rock paintings provide evidence about aspects of early human life.
• Early humans made simple ornaments from stone, shells and animal teeth.
• Some ornaments may have been exchanged with other groups.
• The Earth's climate changed greatly over long periods of time.
• During an Ice Age, large parts of the Earth were covered with ice.
• The last Ice Age lasted from more than 100,000 years ago to around 12,000 years ago.
• After the Ice Age, living conditions improved for humans in many parts of the world.
• People began settling down and cultivating cereals and grains.
• Humans domesticated animals such as cattle and goats.
• Increased food availability helped communities grow in size and number.
• Many early agricultural communities settled near rivers.
• Rivers provided water and fertile soil for agriculture.
• As communities grew, their social organisation became more complex.
• Leaders or chieftains became responsible for the well-being of the community.
• In some early communities, land was collectively sown and harvested.
• Hamlets gradually grew into larger villages.
• Villages exchanged food, clothing and tools.
• Networks of communication and exchange developed among villages.
• Some villages eventually developed into small towns.
• New technologies such as pottery appeared.
• Copper and later iron were used to make durable tools, objects and ornaments.
• These developments contributed to the emergence of civilisation.
• The early progress of humanity involved many challenges and required courage and persistence.

Important Definitions

Important Terms

• History
• Past
• Geologist
• Palaeontologist
• Anthropologist
• Archaeologist
• Fossils
• Era
• Gregorian Calendar
• AD
• CE
• BC
• BCE
• Year Zero
• Timeline
• Chronological Order
• Decade
• Century
• Millennium
• Pañchānga
• Sources of History
• Archaeological Sources
• Literary Sources
• Artistic Sources
• Oral Sources
• Foreign Accounts
• Inscriptions
• Excavations
• Manuscripts
• Historical Chronicles
• Travelogues
• Rock Paintings
• Homo sapiens
• Hunters and Gatherers
• Rock Shelters
• Ice Age
• Domestication
• Agriculture
• Hamlet
• Village
• Pottery
• Metallurgy
• Chieftain
• Civilisation

Important Concepts

• History helps us understand how human societies developed over time.
• The Earth has a very long history, while human existence occupies only a small part of it.
• Different specialists use different methods to study the past.
• Geologists study the physical features of the Earth.
• Palaeontologists study fossils and ancient remains of plants, animals and humans.
• Anthropologists study human societies and cultures.
• Archaeologists study material remains left behind by past communities.
• Different cultures have developed different systems for measuring time.
• The Gregorian calendar is widely used today, along with several traditional calendars.
• CE and BCE are the commonly used terms for dates after and before the conventional starting point of the Common Era.
• There is no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE.
• A BCE-to-CE year calculation requires adding the two numbers and subtracting one.
• A timeline shows historical events in chronological order.
• A decade contains 10 years.
• A century contains 100 years.
• A millennium contains 1,000 years.
• The 21st century CE began in 2001 and ends in 2100.
• The 3rd millennium CE began in 2001.
• Traditional Indian calendars often use the positions of the Sun and Moon.
• Pañchāngas contain astronomical and calendar information and may also include festival and weather information.
• Historical knowledge comes from many different sources.
• No single source necessarily gives the complete picture of the past.
• Historians compare information from different sources to reconstruct the past.
• Sources may sometimes agree and sometimes contradict one another.
• The reliability of sources must be carefully considered.
• Archaeological evidence includes objects, structures and remains.
• Literary evidence includes written works and historical texts.
• Artistic sources include paintings, sculptures and panels.
• Oral sources preserve information through spoken traditions and memories.
• Foreign accounts can provide information about places and societies from the viewpoint of visitors.
• Inscriptions provide written evidence from the past.
• Scientific methods have increasingly added new information to historical studies.
• Ancient climate studies, chemical analysis and genetics can supplement traditional historical sources.
• Modern humans have existed for about 300,000 years.
• Early humans lived in groups for protection, cooperation and survival.
• They were mainly hunters and gatherers before the development of agriculture.
• Fire and improved stone tools made early human life easier.
• Rock paintings provide evidence about early human activities and beliefs.
• Early humans made simple ornaments from natural materials.
• The last Ice Age ended around 12,000 years ago.
• After the Ice Age, many communities began settling down and practising agriculture.
• People cultivated cereals and grains and domesticated animals.
• Rivers attracted settlements because they provided water and fertile soil.
• Growing communities developed more complex social organisation.
• Villages exchanged goods and gradually developed communication and trade networks.
• Pottery and metal technology were important technological developments.
• Copper was used before iron in the development of metal tools.
• The growth of villages and technology eventually contributed to the emergence of civilisation.

5-Minute Revision (Quick Revision)

• ✔ History = Study of the human past.
• ✔ Geologists study the physical features of the Earth.
• ✔ Palaeontologists study fossils.
• ✔ Anthropologists study human societies and cultures.
• ✔ Archaeologists study material remains of the past.
• ✔ Gregorian Calendar = widely used calendar with 12 months.
• ✔ CE = Common Era.
• ✔ BCE = Before Common Era.
• ✔ There is no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE.
• ✔ Timeline = shows dates and events in sequence.
• ✔ Decade = 10 years.
• ✔ Century = 100 years.
• ✔ Millennium = 1,000 years.
• ✔ 21st century CE = 2001–2100.
• ✔ Pañchānga records calendar and astronomical information.
• ✔ Sources of history help us reconstruct the past.
• ✔ Sources may be archaeological, literary, artistic, oral, foreign accounts or inscriptions.
• ✔ Historians compare different sources to understand the past.
• ✔ Homo sapiens have existed for about 300,000 years.
• ✔ Early humans were mainly hunters and gatherers.
• ✔ Early humans lived in groups, camps, rock shelters and caves.
• ✔ Early humans used fire and made stone tools.
• ✔ Rock paintings provide evidence of early human life.
• ✔ The last Ice Age ended around 12,000 years ago.
• ✔ Agriculture and animal domestication encouraged settled life.
• ✔ Rivers provided water and fertile soil for early settlements.
• ✔ Hamlets developed into villages and some villages into towns.
• ✔ Pottery, copper and later iron were important technological developments.
• ✔ Early social and technological development helped prepare the way for civilisation.

Exam Booster

• Remember the definition of History and understand why the past is important for understanding the present.
• Learn the different roles of geologists, palaeontologists, anthropologists and archaeologists.
• Understand the meaning of fossils and era.
• Remember the main features of the Gregorian calendar.
• Know the meanings of AD, CE, BC and BCE.
• Remember that there is no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE.
• Practise calculations involving BCE and CE dates.
• Understand the meaning and importance of a timeline.
• Remember the definitions of decade, century and millennium.
• Remember that the 21st century runs from 2001 to 2100.
• Understand how traditional Indian calendars and pañchāngas are used.
• Learn the definition of a source of history.
• Understand why historians use multiple sources to reconstruct the past.
• Learn the major categories of historical sources.
• Be able to identify examples of archaeological, literary, artistic and oral sources.
• Remember the role of inscriptions, foreign accounts and excavations.
• Understand how scientific studies such as ancient climate studies, chemical analysis and genetics contribute to history.
• Remember the approximate age of Homo sapiens—about 300,000 years.
• Understand the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of early humans.
• Remember the importance of fire, stone tools, rock shelters and rock paintings.
• Understand the importance of the end of the Ice Age for human settlement and agriculture.
• Remember why early agricultural communities often settled near rivers.
• Understand the transition from temporary camps to hamlets, villages and towns.
• Remember the development of pottery and metal use, beginning with copper and later iron.
• Understand how growing communities became socially more complex and gradually prepared the way for civilisation.

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