Class 10 History Solutions English Medium

NCERT Solutions Class 10 History English Medium

Chapter 2. Nationalism in India

Topic: Civil Disobedience Movement and Mass Participation

Chapter 2. Nationalism in India

Although the Non-Cooperation Movement ended in 1922, the struggle for India's freedom continued with renewed determination. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, which became one of the most significant phases of the Indian National Movement. The movement united millions of Indians against British rule.

Part 2 – Civil Disobedience Movement and Mass Participation

This part explains the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Dandi March, the Salt Law, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, and the participation of different social groups.

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi to openly challenge unjust British laws through peaceful resistance.

1. The movement began in 1930.
2. Its objective was to achieve Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
3. People were encouraged to break unjust colonial laws peacefully.
4. The movement spread rapidly across the country.
5. Millions of Indians participated in the struggle.

The Dandi March (Salt March)

The Dandi March became the most famous event of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

1. The march began on 12 March 1930.
2. Gandhi started the march from Sabarmati Ashram.
3. The destination was Dandi, a coastal village in Gujarat.
4. The journey covered about 240 miles (390 km).
5. Thousands of people joined Gandhi during the march.
6. On 6 April 1930, Gandhi broke the Salt Law by making salt.

Why Was Salt Chosen?

Salt was a basic necessity used by every Indian, regardless of social or economic status.

1. The British Government imposed a tax on salt.
2. Poor people were also forced to pay this tax.
3. Salt became a symbol of British oppression.
4. Breaking the Salt Law united people across the country.
5. The issue attracted international attention.

Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement

The movement encouraged people to defy British laws peacefully.

1. Violation of the Salt Law.
2. Boycott of foreign goods.
3. Promotion of Swadeshi products.
4. Refusal to pay certain taxes.
5. Peaceful demonstrations and public meetings.
6. Boycott of government institutions wherever possible.

Participation of Different Social Groups

People belonging to different sections of society actively participated in the movement.

Rich Peasants

1. They opposed high land revenue.
2. Many supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
3. They demanded reduction in taxes.

Poor Peasants

1. They expected relief from heavy rents and debts.
2. Many joined local nationalist movements.
3. Their participation varied from region to region.

Business Class

1. Indian industrialists supported the Swadeshi Movement.
2. They opposed discriminatory British economic policies.
3. Many contributed financially to the national movement.

Women

1. Women participated in marches and demonstrations.
2. They boycotted foreign cloth and liquor shops.
3. Many women were arrested during the movement.
4. Their participation strengthened the national struggle.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

In 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin reached an agreement to reduce political tensions.

1. The agreement was signed in March 1931.
2. The Civil Disobedience Movement was temporarily suspended.
3. Political prisoners were released in many cases.
4. People were allowed to make salt for personal use in coastal areas.
5. Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

The Round Table Conferences

The British Government organised Round Table Conferences to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

1. The First Round Table Conference was held in 1930.
2. Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference in 1931.
3. The discussions failed to achieve a satisfactory solution.
4. After returning to India, Gandhi resumed the Civil Disobedience Movement.
5. The British Government again adopted repressive measures.

Importance of the Civil Disobedience Movement

The movement became a landmark in India's struggle for independence.

1. Nationalism spread to villages as well as cities.
2. Large numbers of women actively joined the movement.
3. The demand for complete independence became stronger.
4. The movement attracted worldwide attention.
5. It prepared the nation for the final phase of the freedom struggle.

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