Q.1 Explain the concept of a national state.

Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.

Ans. The ideas of the father land (lapatrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community.

A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

Q.3 Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.

Ans.  The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland.

Q.4 Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?

Ans Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad condition of peasants.

Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?

Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.

Long Answer questions                                                                 

Q.1 Describe the process by which Germany was unified.

Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

Q.2 Describe the process of unification of Italy

Ans. 2 during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided  to make a programme to unite Italy and  formed a society young  Italy  After earlier  failures king victory Emmanuel II  took to unify the Italian status through war and he got the whole hearted support of  minister  Cavour made a tactful  alliance  with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.