Science Exploration Notes Class 9 English Medium 2026-27

Science Exploration Chapter 11. Reproduction: How Life Continues

CBSE Notes New Syllabus: Class 9

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Chapter 11. Reproduction: How Life Continues

This assignment covers all the important concepts of the chapter, including asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation, budding, spore formation, mitosis, meiosis, sexual reproduction, flower structure, pollination, fertilisation, seed formation and reproduction in animals. The questions follow the latest CBSE competency-based assessment pattern. 

Chapter Assignment

1. One Word Answer

1. The biological process by which organisms produce young ones.
2. A type of reproduction involving only one parent.
3. Genetically identical offspring produced by asexual reproduction.
4. The process of producing new plants from roots, stems or leaves.
5. The method of reproduction in yeast and hydra.
6. The reproductive structures formed by fungi.
7. The cell division responsible for producing identical daughter cells.
8. The cell division responsible for producing gametes.
9. The male reproductive part of a flower.
10. The female reproductive part of a flower.

2. Fill in the Blanks

1. Reproduction ensures the __________ of species.
2. Vegetative propagation is a type of __________ reproduction.
3. New plants can develop from roots, stems and __________.
4. Yeast reproduces by __________.
5. Fungi commonly reproduce through __________.
6. Mitosis produces __________ daughter cells.
7. Meiosis forms __________ gametes.
8. The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma is called __________.
9. The fusion of male and female gametes is called __________.
10. The ovary develops into a __________ after fertilisation.

3. True or False

1. Asexual reproduction requires two parents.
2. Clones are genetically identical.
3. Hydra reproduces by budding.
4. Mitosis creates genetic variation.
5. Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
6. Petals attract pollinating agents.
7. Cross-pollination produces greater variation than self-pollination.
8. The ovule develops into a seed.
9. Fish generally show external fertilisation.
10. Variation helps organisms adapt to changing environments.

4. Match the Following

5. Very Short Answer Questions

1. Define reproduction.
2. What is asexual reproduction?
3. What are clones?
4. Define vegetative propagation.
5. Name two artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
6. What is budding?
7. What is meiosis?
8. Define pollination.
9. What is fertilisation?
10. Differentiate between external and internal fertilisation.

6. Short Answer Questions

1. State the importance of reproduction in living organisms.
2. Explain vegetative propagation with suitable examples.
3. Describe the artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
4. Explain budding in yeast and hydra.
5. Describe spore formation in fungi.
6. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.
7. Explain the structure of a flower with labelled parts.
8. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
9. Explain the process of fertilisation in flowering plants.
10. Differentiate between external and internal fertilisation in animals.

7. Long Answer Questions

1. Explain asexual reproduction and describe its different methods with examples.
2. Describe natural and artificial vegetative propagation and discuss their agricultural importance.
3. Explain the role of mitosis and meiosis in reproduction.
4. Describe the structure and functions of the different parts of a flower.
5. Explain pollination, fertilisation, fruit formation and seed formation in flowering plants.
6. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction in detail.
7. Explain external and internal fertilisation with suitable examples.
8. Discuss the importance of genetic variation in the survival and evolution of species.

8. Case Study Questions

Case Study – 1

A farmer grows new rose plants using stem cuttings instead of seeds. The new plants have the same characteristics as the parent plant.

1. Name the method of reproduction.
2. Is it sexual or asexual reproduction?
3. Why are the new plants identical to the parent?
4. State one advantage of this method.

Case Study – 2

A student observes a small outgrowth on the body of a hydra. After a few days, the outgrowth separates and starts living independently.

1. Name this method of reproduction.
2. Name another organism showing the same method.
3. Which type of cell division is involved?
4. What are the offspring called?

Case Study – 3

A bee carries pollen grains from one flower to another flower of the same species while collecting nectar.

1. Which process is taking place?
2. Name the type of pollination.
3. Why are bees important for flowering plants?
4. What happens after pollination?

Case Study – 4

After fertilisation in a flowering plant, several changes occur inside the flower.

1. What does the ovary develop into?
2. What does the ovule develop into?
3. What is formed by the fusion of gametes?
4. Name the process that follows seed formation.

Case Study – 5

Fish release their gametes into water, whereas birds reproduce through fertilisation inside the female body.

1. Which type of fertilisation occurs in fish?
2. Which type occurs in birds?
3. Which method provides better protection to the embryo?
4. Give one more example of an animal showing internal fertilisation.

9. Competency-Based Questions

1. Why is vegetative propagation preferred over seed propagation for many crop plants?
2. How does tissue culture help modern agriculture?
3. Why are offspring produced by sexual reproduction genetically different?
4. Explain why meiosis is essential before fertilisation.
5. How does cross-pollination increase genetic variation?
6. Why are colourful petals important for many flowering plants?
7. Explain the sequence from pollination to seed formation.
8. Why is internal fertilisation more suitable for terrestrial animals?
9. How does variation help organisms survive environmental changes?
10. Explain why reproduction is essential for the continuity of life but not for the survival of an individual organism.

10. HOTS Questions

1. Compare the advantages and limitations of asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Why would a species reproducing only by cloning face difficulties in a changing environment?
3. Explain how meiosis and fertilisation together maintain the chromosome number of a species.
4. How do pollinating agents contribute to biodiversity?
5. Why is tissue culture considered an important technique in modern plant biotechnology?
6. Explain why flowers with bright colours and nectar are more likely to undergo cross-pollination.
7. Compare fertilisation in flowering plants and animals.
8. How does genetic variation contribute to evolution?
9. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis on the basis of purpose, chromosome number and outcome.
10. Prepare a flow chart showing the sequence: Asexual Reproduction → Vegetative Propagation/Budding/Spore Formation → Sexual Reproduction → Pollination → Fertilisation → Seed → Fruit → Germination.