4. Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 science Solutions English Medium-Additional Questions With Solutions

Chapter-4, Carbon

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Long-Type Questions and Answers: 

Q1: Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compound . which of them is more reactive.

Ans:

Saturated compound	unsaturated compound
it has single bond. There occurs substitution reaction in it. saturated compounds are normally not very reactive. Example: Alkanes.	it has double and triple bond. There occurs addition reaction in it. They are more reactive than the saturated carbon compounds. Examples: Alkenes,Alkynes

Unsaturated compound is more reactive than saturated compound.

Q2: What do you understand by functional group?

Ans: Functional group is a group of an atom or atoms in any carbonic compound which are bonded each other in special manner. That is generally region of chemical reactivity in carbonic atoms. Oxygen, chlorine, sulpher, nitrogen and other elements can be presence as a part of a functional group in carbonic compounds.

Ex. -    -CHO,      >C=O,       -OH,     -COOH   etc.

Q3: An organic Compound A is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula C₂ H₂ O_2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling Compound B.

(a) Identify the Compound A and B.

(b) Write the chemical equation with ethanol to from compound B.

(c) How can we get compound A back from B.

(d) Name the process and write equations?.

(e) Which gas is produced when compound A reacts with washing Soda? Write the chemical equations?  

Ans: 

(a) A is Ethanoic acid or acetic acid and B is ester.

(b) The chemical equation with ethanol to form compound B is 

 

(c) Esters reat in the presence of an acid or base to give back the alcohol and Ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid). 

(d) This reaction (process) is called soapnification. The reaction equation is as

(e) CO₂ gas is produced, when the compound A (Ethanoic acid) reacts with washing soda (NaHCO₃). This reaction is as;

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

Q4: How would you distinguish experimentally between alcohol and ethanoic acid.

Ans: 

Difference between ethanol and ethanoic acid

Ethanole	Ethanoic Acid
1. Ethanol is an alcohol with sweet smell. 2. It does not react with NaOH.  3. It reacts with alkaline KMnO4 to give ethanoic acid.  4. It does not effect on litmus paper.	1. Ethenoic acid is a acid with odorless heighly smelling. 2. It reacts with NaOH to give salt and water. 3. It does not react with alkaline KMnO4.  4. It turns blue litmus paper into red.

Q5: What happens when ethanol reacts with sodium. Write a chemical reaction.

Ans: When ethanol reacts with sodium produces sodium ethoxide and evolves hydrogen gas.

Equation of this reaction is as follows:

2Na + 2CH₃CH₂OH → 2CH₃CH₂O^–Na⁺ + H₂

Q6: What happens when ethanol is heated with.

(i) Alkaline KMnO₄

(ii) H₂SO₄ at 443 K

Write their equations.

Ans: 

(i) When ethanol is heated with alkaline KMnO₄ it gives carboxylic acids and water. Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate are oxidising alcohols to acids, that is, adding oxygen to the starting material. Hence they are known as oxidising agents.

Equation for this reaction: 

(ii) Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene-

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Q7: Give one example of addition reaction.

Ans:

 

Q8: Give one example of substitution reaction. 

Ans: CH₄ + Cl₂​ → CH₃Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight)

Q9: What are saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds ? Give one example each.

Ans: 

Saturated carbon compounds: The carbon compounds which forms single bond is called saturated hydro carbon. Example - Alkanes. 

Unsaturated carbon compounds: The carbon compounds which forms double and triple bond is called saturated hydro carbon. Example - Alkanes.

Q10: Draw structural isomers of C₄H₁₀.

Ans: structural isomers of C₄H₁₀

Q11: Name the following compounds

(i)  CH₃  - CH₂  -  Br

(ii) CH₃  - CH₂ - CHO 

Ans: 

(i) Bromo-Ethane,

(ii) Propanal, 

Q12: What is the region that saturated hydrocarbons give even sooty flame in incomplete combustion?

Ans: Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame, but when a sooty deposit on the metal plate causes limiting supply of air results in incomplete combustion of even saturated hydrocarbons gives a sooty flame. 

Q13 – What is oxidation?

Ans – The reaction in which compounds like carbon can be easily oxidised on the combustion, this process is known as oxidation.

Q14 – Define Addition reaction?

Ans – The reaction in which adds the substances is known as Addition reaction. This reaction is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst.

Q15 – What are catalysts? Give its two examples.

Ans – Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceed at a different rate without the reaction itself being affected. Palladium or Nickel is catalysts.

Q16 - What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Ans - Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation. This reaction is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst in industry.

Q17 - What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

Ans - a series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a homologous series.

 For example, the chemical properties of CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH and C4H9OH are all very similar as these are from alcohol functional group. Thus, CH₃ – Cl, C₂H₅ – Cl, C₃H₇ – Cl, C₄ H₉ – Cl, and C₅ H₁₁ – Cl etc. are related to halogen functional group. 

Q18 - Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?

Ans – Because most carbon compounds release a large amount of heat and light on burning.