Chapter-Chapter 2. Nationalism in India SOCIAL SCIENCE-HISTORY class 10 in english Medium CBSE Notes

Class 10 History – Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

Topic Wise Quick Revision Notes

1. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

The First World War (1914–1918) created a new political and economic situation in India. The British government increased taxes, forced recruitment in the army, and prices of goods rose sharply. As a result, people faced hardships and discontent grew among Indians.

In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide struggle against the British government. At the same time, the Khilafat movement was started by Muslim leaders to defend the Ottoman Caliph. Gandhi supported this movement and united Hindus and Muslims against British rule through the Non-Cooperation Movement.

2. The Idea of Satyagraha

Satyagraha was a method of peaceful resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi. It emphasized truth, non-violence, and civil disobedience against unjust laws. Gandhi believed that people could resist oppression through peaceful means without using violence.

3. Rowlatt Act (1919)

The Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to arrest people without trial and suppress political activities. Indians strongly opposed this law as it violated civil liberties. Gandhi organized a nationwide protest against this act.

4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. Hundreds of people were killed and many were injured. This brutal incident shocked the entire nation and strengthened the nationalist movement.

5. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922)

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. People were asked to boycott British institutions, schools, courts, titles, and foreign goods. Many Indians participated in the movement by promoting swadeshi goods and national education.

6. Participation of Different Social Groups

The Non-Cooperation Movement saw participation from various groups such as peasants, tribals, workers, and urban middle classes. Each group had its own expectations from the movement but they united against British rule.

7. Withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement

In 1922, the movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident in which a violent clash led to the death of policemen. Gandhi believed that the movement had turned violent and therefore called it off.

8. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930. It aimed to break colonial laws openly and peacefully. The most important event of this movement was the Salt March.

9. The Salt March

In March 1930, Gandhi started the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. He broke the salt law by producing salt from seawater. This act inspired thousands of Indians to participate in the movement.

10. Different Groups and Their Demands

Various social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Industrialists wanted protection from foreign imports, peasants demanded reduction in land revenue, and workers demanded better wages and working conditions.

11. The Sense of Collective Belonging

Nationalism developed among Indians through a shared sense of belonging. Cultural processes such as folklore, songs, symbols, and national images helped unite people and strengthen national identity.

12. Role of Symbols and Images

Symbols like the national flag and Bharat Mata played an important role in promoting nationalism. These symbols created a feeling of unity and inspired people to participate in the freedom struggle.

13. Role of Literature and Folklore

Writers and poets used literature and folklore to promote nationalist ideas. National songs, stories, and historical accounts inspired people and created awareness about the struggle for independence.

14. Limitations of Nationalism

Although the nationalist movement united many Indians, it also faced limitations. Differences among various social groups and communities sometimes created tensions and conflicts within the movement.

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